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D Programming Language 1.0

Last update Mon Dec 31 10:53:28 2012

std.math

Source:
std/math.d

const real E;
e

const real LOG2T;
log210

const real LOG2E;
log2e

const real LOG2;
log102

const real LOG10E;
log10e

const real LN2;
ln 2

const real LN10;
ln 10

const real PI;
π

const real PI_2;
π / 2

const real PI_4;
π / 4

const real M_1_PI;
1 / π

const real M_2_PI;
2 / π

const real M_2_SQRTPI;
2 / √π

const real SQRT2;
√2

const real SQRT1_2;
√½

real abs(real x);
long abs(long x);
int abs(int x);
real abs(creal z);
real abs(ireal y);
Calculates the absolute value

For complex numbers, abs(z) = sqrt( z.re2 + z.im2 ) = hypot(z.re, z.im).

creal conj(creal z);
ireal conj(ireal y);
Complex conjugate

conj(x + iy) = x - iy

Note that z * conj(z) = z.re2 - z.im2 is always a real number

real cos(real x);
Returns cosine of x. x is in radians.

Special Values
x cos(x) invalid?
NAN NAN yes
±∞ NAN yes


BUGS:
Results are undefined if |x| >= 264.

real sin(real x);
Returns sine of x. x is in radians.

Special Values
x sin(x) invalid?
NAN NAN yes
±0.0 ±0.0 no
±∞ NAN yes


BUGS:
Results are undefined if |x| >= 264.

creal sin(creal z);
ireal sin(ireal y);
sine, complex and imaginary

sin(z) = sin(z.re)*cosh(z.im) + cos(z.re)*sinh(z.im)i

If both sin(θ) and cos(θ) are required, it is most efficient to use expi(θ).

creal cos(creal z);
real cos(ireal y);
cosine, complex and imaginary

cos(z) = cos(z.re)*cosh(z.im) - sin(z.re)*sinh(z.im)i

real tan(real x);
Returns tangent of x. x is in radians.

Special Values
x tan(x) invalid?
NAN NAN yes
±0.0 ±0.0 no
±∞ NAN yes


real acos(real x);
Calculates the arc cosine of x, returning a value ranging from 0 to π.

Special Values
x acos(x) invalid?
>1.0 NAN yes
<-1.0 NAN yes
NAN NAN yes


real asin(real x);
Calculates the arc sine of x, returning a value ranging from -π/2 to π/2.

Special Values
x asin(x) invalid?
±0.0 ±0.0 no
>1.0 NAN yes
<-1.0 NAN yes


real atan(real x);
Calculates the arc tangent of x, returning a value ranging from -π/2 to π/2.

Special Values
x atan(x) invalid?
±0.0 ±0.0 no
±∞ NAN yes


real atan2(real y, real x);
Calculates the arc tangent of y / x, returning a value ranging from -π to π.

Special Values
y x atan(y, x)
NAN anything NAN
anything NAN NAN
±0.0 >0.0 ±0.0
±0.0 +0.0 ±0.0
±0.0 <0.0 ±π
±0.0 -0.0 ±π
>0.0 ±0.0 π/2
<0.0 ±0.0 -π/2
>0.0 ±0.0
±∞ anything ±π/2
>0.0 -∞ ±π
±∞ ±π/4
±∞ -∞ ±3π/4


real cosh(real x);
Calculates the hyperbolic cosine of x.

Special Values
x cosh(x) invalid?
±∞ ±0.0 no


real sinh(real x);
Calculates the hyperbolic sine of x.

Special Values
x sinh(x) invalid?
±0.0 ±0.0 no
±∞ ±∞ no


real tanh(real x);
Calculates the hyperbolic tangent of x.

Special Values
x tanh(x) invalid?
±0.0 ±0.0 no
±∞ ±1.0 no


real acosh(real x);
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.

Mathematically, acosh(x) = log(x + sqrt( x*x - 1))

Special Values
x acosh(x)
NAN NAN
<1 NAN
1 0
+∞ +∞


real asinh(real x);
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.

Mathematically,
  asinh(x) =  log( x + sqrt( x*x + 1 )) // if x >= +0
  asinh(x) = -log(-x + sqrt( x*x + 1 )) // if x <= -0


Special Values
x asinh(x)
NAN NAN
±0 ±0
±∞ ±∞


real atanh(real x);
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x, returning a value from ranging from -1 to 1.

Mathematically, atanh(x) = log( (1+x)/(1-x) ) / 2



Special Values
x acosh(x)
NAN NAN
±0 ±0
-∞ -0


long rndtol(real x);
Returns x rounded to a long value using the current rounding mode. If the integer value of x is greater than long.max, the result is indeterminate.

real rndtonl(real x);
Returns x rounded to a long value using the FE_TONEAREST rounding mode. If the integer value of x is greater than long.max, the result is indeterminate.

float sqrt(float x);
double sqrt(double x);
real sqrt(real x);
Compute square root of x.

Special Values
x sqrt(x) invalid?
-0.0 -0.0 no
<0.0 NAN yes
+∞ +∞ no


real exp(real x);
Calculates ex.

Special Values
x ex
+∞ +∞
-∞ +0.0
NAN NAN


real expm1(real x);
Calculates the value of the natural logarithm base (e) raised to the power of x, minus 1.

For very small x, expm1(x) is more accurate than exp(x)-1.

Special Values
x ex-1
±0.0 ±0.0
+∞ +∞
-∞ -1.0
NAN NAN


real exp2(real x);
Calculates 2x.

Special Values
x exp2(x)
+∞ +∞
-∞ +0.0
NAN NAN


creal expi(real y);
Calculate cos(y) + i sin(y).

On many CPUs (such as x86), this is a very efficient operation; almost twice as fast as calculating sin(y) and cos(y) separately, and is the preferred method when both are required.

real frexp(real value, out int exp);
Separate floating point value into significand and exponent.

Returns:
Calculate and return x and exp such that value =x*2exp and .5 <= |x| < 1.0

x has same sign as value.

Special Values
value returns exp
±0.0 ±0.0 0
+∞ +∞ int.max
-∞ -∞ int.min
±NAN ±NAN int.min


int ilogb(real x);
Extracts the exponent of x as a signed integral value.

If x is not a special value, the result is the same as .

Special Values
x ilogb(x) Range error?
0 FP_ILOGB0 yes
±∞ int.max no
NAN FP_ILOGBNAN no


real ldexp(real n, int exp);
Compute n * 2exp

References:
frexp

real log(real x);
Calculate the natural logarithm of x.

Special Values
x log(x) divide by 0? invalid?
±0.0 -∞ yes no
<0.0 NAN no yes
+∞ +∞ no no


real log10(real x);
Calculate the base-10 logarithm of x.

Special Values
x log10(x) divide by 0? invalid?
±0.0 -∞ yes no
<0.0 NAN no yes
+∞ +∞ no no


real log1p(real x);
Calculates the natural logarithm of 1 + x.

For very small x, log1p(x) will be more accurate than log(1 + x).

Special Values
x log1p(x) divide by 0? invalid?
±0.0 ±0.0 no no
-1.0 -∞ yes no
<-1.0 NAN no yes
+∞ -∞ no no


real log2(real x);
Calculates the base-2 logarithm of x: log2x

Special Values
x log2(x) divide by 0? invalid?
±0.0 -∞ yes no
<0.0 NAN no yes
+∞ +∞ no no


real logb(real x);
Extracts the exponent of x as a signed integral value.

If x is subnormal, it is treated as if it were normalized. For a positive, finite x:

1 <= x * FLT_RADIX-logb(x) < FLT_RADIX

Special Values
x logb(x) divide by 0?
±∞ +∞ no
±0.0 -∞ yes


real modf(real x, ref real i);
Calculates the remainder from the calculation x/y.

Returns:
The value of x - i * y, where i is the number of times that y can be completely subtracted from x. The result has the same sign as x.

Special Values
x y modf(x, y) invalid?
±0.0 not 0.0 ±0.0 no
±∞ anything NAN yes
anything ±0.0 NAN yes
!=±∞ ±∞ x no


real scalbn(real x, int n);
Efficiently calculates x * 2n.

scalbn handles underflow and overflow in the same fashion as the basic arithmetic operators.

Special Values
x scalb(x)
±∞ ±∞
±0.0 ±0.0


real cbrt(real x);
Calculates the cube root of x.

Special Values
x cbrt(x) invalid?
±0.0 ±0.0 no
NAN NAN yes
±∞ ±∞ no


real fabs(real x);
Returns |x|

Special Values
x fabs(x)
±0.0 +0.0
±∞ +∞


real hypot(real x, real y);
Calculates the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with sides of length x and y. The hypotenuse is the value of the square root of the sums of the squares of x and y:

sqrt( + )

Note that hypot(x, y), hypot(y, x) and hypot(x, -y) are equivalent.

Special Values
x y hypot(x, y) invalid?
x ±0.0 |x| no
±∞ y +∞ no
±∞ NAN +∞ no


real erf(real x);
Returns the error function of x.

error function

real erfc(real x);
Returns the complementary error function of x, which is 1 - erf(x).

complementary error function

real lgamma(real x);
Natural logarithm of gamma function.

Returns the base e (2.718...) logarithm of the absolute value of the gamma function of the argument.

For reals, lgamma is equivalent to log(fabs(gamma(x))).

Special Values
x lgamma(x) invalid?
NAN NAN yes
integer <= 0 +∞ yes
±∞ +∞ no


real tgamma(real x);
The Gamma function, Γ(x)

Γ(x) is a generalisation of the factorial function to real and complex numbers. Like x!, Γ(x+1) = x*Γ(x).

Mathematically, if z.re > 0 then Γ(z) = 0 tz-1e-t dt

Special Values
x Γ(x) invalid?
NAN NAN yes
±0.0 ±∞ yes
integer >0 (x-1)! no
integer <0 NAN yes
+∞ +∞ no
-∞ NAN yes


References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function, http://www.netlib.org/cephes/ldoubdoc.html#gamma

real ceil(real x);
Returns the value of x rounded upward to the next integer (toward positive infinity).

real floor(real x);
Returns the value of x rounded downward to the next integer (toward negative infinity).

real nearbyint(real x);
Rounds x to the nearest integer value, using the current rounding mode.

Unlike the rint functions, nearbyint does not raise the FE_INEXACT exception.

real rint(real x);
Rounds x to the nearest integer value, using the current rounding mode. If the return value is not equal to x, the FE_INEXACT exception is raised. nearbyint performs the same operation, but does not set the FE_INEXACT exception.

long lrint(real x);
Rounds x to the nearest integer value, using the current rounding mode.

This is generally the fastest method to convert a floating-point number to an integer. Note that the results from this function depend on the rounding mode, if the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5. If using the default rounding mode (ties round to even integers) lrint(4.5) == 4, lrint(5.5)==6.

real round(real x);
Return the value of x rounded to the nearest integer. If the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5, the return value is rounded to the even integer.

long lround(real x);
Return the value of x rounded to the nearest integer.

If the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5, the return value is rounded away from zero.

Note:
Not supported on windows

real trunc(real x);
Returns the integer portion of x, dropping the fractional portion.

This is also known as "chop" rounding.

real remainder(real x, real y);
real remquo(real x, real y, out int n);
Calculate the remainder x REM y, following IEC 60559.

REM is the value of x - y * n, where n is the integer nearest the exact value of x / y. If |n - x / y| == 0.5, n is even. If the result is zero, it has the same sign as x. Otherwise, the sign of the result is the sign of x / y. Precision mode has no effect on the remainder functions.

remquo returns n in the parameter n.

Special Values
x y remainder(x, y) n invalid?
±0.0 not 0.0 ±0.0 0.0 no
±∞ anything NAN ? yes
anything ±0.0 NAN ? yes
!= ±∞ ±∞ x ? no


Note:
remquo not supported on windows

int isnan(real x);
Returns !=0 if e is a NaN.

int isfinite(real e);
Returns !=0 if e is finite (not infinite or NAN).

int isnormal(X)(X x);
Returns !=0 if x is normalized (not zero, subnormal, infinite, or NAN).

int issubnormal(float f);
int issubnormal(double d);
int issubnormal(real x);
Is number subnormal? (Also called "denormal".) Subnormals have a 0 exponent and a 0 most significant mantissa bit.

int isinf(real x);
Return !=0 if e is ±∞.

bool isIdentical(real x, real y);
Is the binary representation of x identical to y?

Same as ==, except that positive and negative zero are not identical, and two NANs are identical if they have the same 'payload'.

int signbit(real x);
Return 1 if sign bit of e is set, 0 if not.

real copysign(real to, real from);
Return a value composed of to with from's sign bit.

real nan(char[] tagp);
Creates a quiet NAN with the information from tagp[] embedded in it.

BUGS:
DMD always returns real.nan, ignoring the payload.

real nextUp(real x);
double nextUp(double x);
float nextUp(float x);
Calculate the next largest floating point value after x.

Return the least number greater than x that is representable as a real; thus, it gives the next point on the IEEE number line.

Special Values
x nextUp(x)
-∞ -real.max
±0.0 real.min*real.epsilon
real.max
NAN NAN


Remarks:
This function is included in the forthcoming IEEE 754R standard.

real nextDown(real x);
double nextDown(double x);
float nextDown(float x);
Calculate the next smallest floating point value before x.

Return the greatest number less than x that is representable as a real; thus, it gives the previous point on the IEEE number line.

Special Values
x nextDown(x)
real.max
±0.0 -real.min*real.epsilon
-real.max -∞
-∞ -∞
NAN NAN


Remarks:
This function is included in the forthcoming IEEE 754R standard.

real nextafter(real x, real y);
float nextafter(float x, float y);
double nextafter(double x, double y);
Calculates the next representable value after x in the direction of y.

If y > x, the result will be the next largest floating-point value; if y < x, the result will be the next smallest value. If x == y, the result is y.

Remarks:
This function is not generally very useful; it's almost always better to use the faster functions nextUp() or nextDown() instead.

IEEE 754 requirements not implemented on Windows: The FE_INEXACT and FE_OVERFLOW exceptions will be raised if x is finite and the function result is infinite. The FE_INEXACT and FE_UNDERFLOW exceptions will be raised if the function value is subnormal, and x is not equal to y.

real fdim(real x, real y);
Returns the positive difference between x and y.

Returns:
Special Values
x, y fdim(x, y)
x > y x - y
x <= y +0.0


real fmax(real x, real y);
Returns the larger of x and y.

real fmin(real x, real y);
Returns the smaller of x and y.

real fma(real x, real y, real z);
Returns (x * y) + z, rounding only once according to the current rounding mode.

BUGS:
Not currently implemented - rounds twice.

real pow(real x, uint n);
real pow(real x, int n);
Fast integral powers.

real pow(real x, real y);
Calculates xy.

Special Values
x y pow(x, y) div 0 invalid?
anything ±0.0 1.0 no no
|x| > 1 +∞ +∞ no no
|x| < 1 +∞ +0.0 no no
|x| > 1 -∞ +0.0 no no
|x| < 1 -∞ +∞ no no
+∞ > 0.0 +∞ no no
+∞ < 0.0 +0.0 no no
-∞ odd integer > 0.0 -∞ no no
-∞ > 0.0, not odd integer +∞ no no
-∞ odd integer < 0.0 -0.0 no no
-∞ < 0.0, not odd integer +0.0 no no
±1.0 ±∞ NAN no yes
< 0.0 finite, nonintegral NAN no yes
±0.0 odd integer < 0.0 ±∞ yes no
±0.0 < 0.0, not odd integer +∞ yes no
±0.0 odd integer > 0.0 ±0.0 no no
±0.0 > 0.0, not odd integer +0.0 no no


int feqrel(X)(X x, X y);
To what precision is x equal to y?

Returns:
the number of mantissa bits which are equal in x and y. eg, 0x1.F8p+60 and 0x1.F1p+60 are equal to 5 bits of precision.

Special Values
x y feqrel(x, y)
x x real.mant_dig
x >= 2*x 0
x <= x/2 0
NAN any 0
any NAN 0


real poly(real x, real[] A);
Evaluate polynomial A(x) = a0 + a1x + a2² + a3x³ ...

Uses Horner's rule A(x) = a0 + x(a1 + x(a2 + x(a3 + ...)))

Params:
real[] A array of coefficients a0, a1, etc.